fig2

Figure 2. The aging process has a complex impact on the immune system, leading to sustained low-grade immune activation, reduced sensitivity to immunogenic stimuli, and accumulation of senescent cells. These changes result in a chronic inflammatory process known as SASP (senescence-associated secretory phenotype). In addition, increased inflammation with aging may be attributed to inflammasome activation, due to defects in autophagy and mitophagy. This pro-inflammatory milieu perpetuates the chronic low-grade inflammation commonly seen in aging. This figure was modified from Puspitasari et al.^[69]. Additionally, the figure was prepared using Biorender, https://biorender.com/).